ભારતીય મૂ‌ળના અમેરિકને ૩૨ વર્ષ પહેલાં ઇ-મેઇલને શોધેલો

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એજન્સી. વોશિંગ્ટન

જાણો છો ઇ-મેઇલનો સંશોધક કોણ છે? આનો શ્રેય ભારતીય અમેરિકન વી. એ. શિવા અય્યાદુરાઇને જાય છે. તેમને ૩૦ ઓગસ્ટ, ૧૯૮૨માં અમેરિકી સરકાર પાસેથી ઇલેક્ટ્રોનિક મેઇલ સિસ્ટમ માટે કોમ્પ્યુટર પ્રોગ્રામના સંશોધક તરીકે સત્તાવાર માન્યતા મળી હતી.

ન્યૂ જર્સીના લિવિન્ગ્સ્ટન હાઇ સ્કૂલમાં અભ્યાસ કરતાં અય્યાદુરાઇએ અહીંની મેડિસિન એન્ડ ડેન્ટિસ્ટ્રી યુનિવર્સિટી માટે ઇમેઇલ સિસ્ટમ પર કામ શરૂ કર્યું હતું. ૧૯૭૮માં તેમણે ઇન્ટરઓફિસ મેઇલ સિસ્ટમને સંપૂર્ણરીતે કાર્યરત કરી દીધી હતી. જેણે તેમણે 'ઇ-મેઇલ'નું નામ આપ્યું હતું અને ૧૯૮૨માં તેની કોપીરાઇટ મેળવી હતી.

[વધુ]

એ વખતે કોપીરાઇટ એ પેટન્ટ જેવું જ હતું કેમ કે ત્યારે સોફ્ટવેર ઇન્વેન્શન્સનું રક્ષણ કરવા માટે બીજો કોઇ માર્ગ નહતો. તેમની કામગીરીના આધારે અય્યાદુરાઇને ૧૯૮૧માં હાઇ સ્કૂલ સીનિયર્સ માટે વેસ્ટિન્ગહાઉસ સાયંસ ટેલેન્ટ સર્ચ એવોર્ડ જીત્યા હતા. 'ઇ-મેઇલ' માટે સત્તાવાર યુએસ કોપીરાઇટ નોટિસ હાલમાં સ્મિથસોનિયન ઇન્સ્ટિટ્યુશન નેશનલ મ્યુઝિયમ ઓફ અમેરિકન હિસ્ટ્રી પાસે છે. જોકે સંશોધન માટે અય્યાદુરાઇએ કરેલા દાવાને કારણે કોમ્પ્યુટર ટેક્નોલોજીના ઇતિહાસમાં તેમની જગ્યા વિશે વિવાદ થયો હતો. અન્ય કેટલાક લોકોએ પણ તેમણે ઇ-મેઇલ શોધ્યાનો દાવો કર્યો હતો.

Parichay-Uttam Gajjar

એક ખોટી ચાલનો મતલબ રમતનો અંત નથી જ

જીવનની સફરમાં યોગ્ય ધ્યેય પસંદ કરવું એ સૌથી મહત્ત્વનું કાર્ય છે

જીવનની સફરમાં યોગ્ય ધ્યેય પસંદ કરવું એ સૌથી મહત્ત્વનું કાર્ય છે. બહુ ઓછા લોકો નાની ઉંમરથી જ પોતાનું લક્ષ્ય સુનિ‌શ્ચિ‌ત કરી શકે છે. ભારતમાં ચેસનો પર્યાય ગણાતો વિશ્વનાથન આનંદ આવા જૂજ લોકોની યાદીમાં બિરાજે છે. માત્ર અઢાર વર્ષની વયે જ આનંદે વર્લ્ડ જુનિયર ચેસ કોમ્પિટિશન જીતીને 'ગ્રાન્ડ માસ્ટર’નો પુરસ્કાર હાંસલ કર્યો હતો. શતરંજમાં આનંદે મેળવેલી અભૂતપૂર્વ સફળતા બદલ તેને અર્જુન એર્વોડ (૧૯૮પ), પદ્મશ્રી (૧૯૮૭), પદ્મભૂષણ (૨૦૦૦) જેવા ઇલકાબોથી સન્માનિત કરવામાં આવ્યો છે. આ સફળતાની દાસ્તાન કારકિર્દીને નવી દિશા આપનારાઓ માટે દિશાદર્શક છે.

બહુ નાની ઉંમરે જ આનંદને સમજાઇ ગયું કે શતરંજની રમત જ એનું સર્વસ્વ છે. પિતાજીની બદલી ફિલિપાઇન્સમાં થઇ. એ વખતે એ સ્કૂલમાં હતો. ત્યાં જ એણે શતરંજની સ્પર્ધાઓમાં ભાગ લેવો શરૂ કર્યો. એ સમયના પ્રખ્યાત એશિયન ચેસ ખેલાડી યુગૂનયેર ફિલિપાઇન્સની રાજધાની મનિલામાં હતા. ચોતરફ ચેસની જ બોલબાલા હતી. એ વખતે રોજ શતરંજ પર એક ટીવી શો પ્રસારિત થતો. શોના અંતે ચેસને લગતો એક કોયડો પુછાતો. આનંદની માતા દરરોજ એ કોયડો લખી રાખતી, જેને એ સ્કૂલેથી આવીને ઉકેલતો. કોયડો ઉકેલવાના ઇનામરૂપે શતરંજનું એક પુસ્તક અપાતું. જોતજોતામાં આનંદ કોયડા ઉકેલવામાં પારંગત બની ગયો કે રોજ જીતતો થોડાં અઠવાડિયાં બાદ ટેલિવિઝન કંપનીમાંથી તેડું આવ્યું.

એ લોકોએ આનંદની માતાને કહ્યું: 'તમારા દીકરાને કહો કે અમારા સ્ટુડિયો પર આવીને લાઇબ્રેરીમાંથી બધાં પુસ્તકો પસંદ કરી લે, પણ મહેરબાની કરીને તેને કહો કે તે આ સ્પર્ધામાં ભાગ ન લે. નહીંતર બીજા કોઇને જીતવાની તક જ નહીં મળે’ હાયર સેકન્ડરી, એટલે કે સોળ-સત્તર વર્ષ સુધીમાં આપણે કારકિર્દીમાં કઇ તરફ આગળ વધવું છે તે લગભગ ખબર પડી જ જાય છે પણ આનંદના મતાનુસાર હાઇસ્કૂલ પછીનો તબક્કો કારકિર્દીની પસંદગી માટે સૌથી મહત્ત્વનો છે. શતરંજની પસંદગીમાં આનંદને ઇશ્વરનો આદેશ જ દેખાય છે. શરૂઆતમાં મળેલી સફળતાઓ અને સંકેતો પારખીને એને લાગ્યું કે ભવિષ્યમાં આ એનો વ્યવસાય બની શકે તેમ છે.

આનંદ માને છે કે બને તેટલી ઝડપથી આપણા ભવિષ્યની દિશા નક્કી કરી લેવી ખૂબ જરૂરી છે. એ જાણવાની કોશિશ કરો કે આપણે હકીકતમાં શું કરવું છે. નક્કી કરેલા લક્ષ્યને પહોંચી વળવા માટે કોઇ ખૂબી વિકસાવવાની ક્ષમતા આપણામાં છે ખરી? કોશિશ કરો કે આ નિર્ણય તમારો પોતાનો જ હોય, પરિવારજનો કે અન્ય કોઇનાય દબાણમાં આવીને પસંદ ન હોય એવી કારકિર્દી પસંદ ન કરવી. અન્ય કોઇનું સપનું પૂરું કરવા નીકળેલા ઘણા યુવાનોને આનંદે નિષ્ફળતાની ખાઇમાં ધકેલાતા જોયા છે.પરિવાર અને મિત્રો સાચી સલાહ આપી શકે છે, પણ છેવટનો નિર્ણય તો તમારો પોતાનો જ હોવો જોઇએ.

તમારા કરતાં વધુ સારી રીતે તમને કોણ ઓળખી શકે? ચેસની પ્રતિયોગિતાઓમાં ભાગ લેતાં ઘણાં નાનાં બાળકોમાં આનંદે જીતવાનું દબાણ અને હારવાની સજા મેળવતાં જોયાં છે. આનંદ એક મહત્ત્વનો પાઠ શીખ્યો છે કે તમે જે કંઇ પણ કરતા હો, તેમાંથી તમને આનંદ અને ઉત્સાહ મળવા જરૂરી છે. જે ચીજમાંથી આનંદ મળતો હોય એનાથી ક્યારેય થાક નથી લાગતો. આનંદ કહે છે, મેં હંમેશાં જોયું છે કે જે યુવાનો પોતાની પસંદગીના રસ્તે આગળ વધે છે તે અનિચ્છાએ કારકિર્દી પસંદ કરનારા કરતાં વધુ સફળ થાય છે.
ચેસની જેમ જ જીવનમાં પણ પડકારો ઝીલીને મહેનત કરવા સિવાય બીજો કોઇ વિકલ્પ નથી. તૈયારી વિના કોઇ ક્યાંય કોઇ રમત, પરીક્ષા કે મુશ્કેલીમાં વિજયી નથી નીવડયું.

મેચમાં રમાયેલી ચાલોનું અધ્યયન કરીને ભૂલોનું પુનરાવર્તન ના થાય એ વિશે આનંદ શરૂઆતથી જ જાગ્રત થઇ ગયો હતો. એ છ વર્ષનો હતો ત્યારે એની માતાએ એની ચાલની નોંધ રાખવા એક ડાયરી આપી હતી. રમત પછી તરત જ આનંદ તેનું પોસ્ટર્મોટમ કરતો. એ એક-એક ચાલ સમજતો અને તેમાં કરેલી ભૂલો શોધી કાઢતો.એકવાર ભૂલ શોધી કાઢયા બાદ તેને સુધારીને આનંદ રમતને ઓર નિખારતો ગયો. આ રીતે કરેલાં સતત મૂલ્યાંકનથી એ આવનારી રમત માટે તૈયાર થઇ જતો. શરૂઆતના દિવસોમાં આનંદે ચેમ્પિયનોની મેચો પર આધારિત પુસ્તકો પણ વાંચ્યાં. વિશ્વનાથન આજે પણ એ રમતોનો અભ્યાસ કરે છે અને ગુરુઓના પ્રદર્શનમાંથી શીખતો રહે છે.

તમારા કામ કે ચાલનું વારંવાર પુનરાવર્તન કરતા રહો જેથી ઓછામાં ઓછી ભૂલો આવે. વિશ્વનાથન આનંદ નિષ્ફળતાથી ડરી જનારાઓને એક અમૂલ્ય સલાહ આપે છે. નિષ્ફળતા બહુ કીમતી છે. કારણ કે તેનાથી જ સફળતા મીઠી લાગે છે અને તે માટે કરેલી મહેનત લેખે લાગેલી દેખાય છે. નિષ્ફળતા વાસ્તવમાં સફળતાનો જ બીજો ચહેરો છે. તેનાથી ક્યારેય ડરો નહીં. નિષ્ફળતાથી હતાશ થવાને બદલે તેને શીખવાનું માધ્યમ બનાવો.વિશ્વનાથન એક વાત હંમેશાં યાદ રાખે છે: ટોચ પર પહોંચવા માટે જેટલી મહેનત જરૂરી છે એથી પણ વધુ મહેનત ત્યાં ટકી રહેવા કરવી પડે છે. જમાનો 'સર્વાઇકલ ઓફ ધ ફિટેસ્ટ’નો છે. પ્રતિસ્પર્ધીઓ કરતાં હંમેશાં બે ડગલાં આગળ રહેવા અને આપણી જીત ટકાવી રાખવા સતત મહેનત સિવાય આરો નથી. એક સફળતા મેળવ્યા બાદ પગ લંબાવીને બેસવું બિલકુલ યોગ્ય નથી. વિજય મેળવ્યા પછી કામની ગતિ ધીમી કરી દેવી, કામ પાછળ ઠેલતાં જવું કે કામની ગંભીરતાને ઓછી આંકવી આ બધાં લક્ષણો તમારા પતનની શરૂઆત બની શકે છે. '

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Forbes list of world's richest people

Name	Wealth	Main business
Hitesh                           $0.00bn Source: Forbes magazine
Bill Gates	$76bn	Microsoft, software
Carlos Slim	$72bn	America Movil, telecoms
Amancio Ortega	$64bn	Zara, fashion
Warren Buffet	$58.2bn	Berkshire Hathaway, investment
Larry Ellison	$48bn	Oracle, software
Charles Koch/David Koch	$40bn/$40bn	Koch Industries, various
Sheldon Adelson	$38bn	Las Vegas Sands, casinos
Christy Walton	$36.7bn	Wal-Mart, retail
Jim Walton	$34.7bn	Wal-Mart, retail
Liliane Bettencourt	$34.5bn	L'Oreal, retail

આ મહાપુરૂષે બતાવ્યા છે સફળતા પ્રાપ્ત કરવાના રહસ્યો,તમે પણ જાણો

સ્વામી વિવેકાનન્દનું વાસ્તવિક નામ નરેન્દ્ર નાથ દત્ત હતુ. તેઓ વેદાન્તના વિખ્યાત અને પ્રભાવશાલી આધ્યાત્મિક ગુરુ હતા. તેમણે અમેરિકા સ્થિત શિકાગો નગરમાં સન્ ૧૮૯૩ મા આયોજિત વિશ્વ ધર્મ મહાસમ્મેલનમા સનાતન ધર્મનુ પ્રતિનિધિત્વ કર્યુ હતુ. ભારતનુ વેદાન્ત અમેરિકા અને યૂરોપના દરેક દેશમાં સ્વામી વિવેકાનંદના ઉપદેશના કારણે જ પહોંચ્યો હતો. પોતાના અભિપ્રાય થકી સમગ્ર વિશ્વને હલાવી દેવાની શક્તિ તેઓમાં હતી. તેમણે રામકૃષ્ણ મિશન ની સ્થાપના કરી હતી, જે આજે પણ સક્રીય રીતે કામગીરી બજાવે છે. સ્વામી વિવેકાનંદે આપણને શીખવ્યું કે આપણું કામ કેવી રીતે કરવું જોઇએ.સ્વામી વિવેકાનંદે પોતાના કાર્યો અને ઉપદેશો વડે સમગ્ર વિશ્વમાં પોતાનો ડંકો વગાડ્યો હતો. જીવન કઈ રીતે જીવવું અને જીવનમાં સફળતા પામવા માટે પણ તેમણે કેટલાક સુવર્ણ સૂત્રો જણાવ્યા છે. જે આજે અમે તમને જણાવીશું.

સફળતા વિશેના સ્વામી વિવેકાનંદના સૂત્રો...

૧. વીરતાપૂર્વક આગળ વધો. એક દિવસ કે એક વર્ષમાં સફળતાની આશા રાખશો નહિ. હંમેશા સર્વોચ્ચ વસ્તુને વળગી રહો.

૨. ડરો નહિ. તમે કેટલી વખત નિષ્ફળ ગયા છો તેનો વિચાર ન કરો. હરકત નહિ, કાળ અનંત છે. આગળ વધો.

૩. દરેક માનવીની સફળતા પાછળ ક્યાંક પણ જબરદસ્ત સચ્ચાઈ, જબરદસ્ત પ્રામાણિકતા રહેલાં હોવાં જ જોઈએ; જીવનમાં તેની અસાધારણ સફળતાનું કારણ એ જ છે.

૪. અનંત શ્રદ્ધા અને બળ, એ જ માત્ર સફળતાનું રહસ્ય છે.

૫. દૃઢતાપૂર્વક આગળ વધો. અત્યાર સુધીમાં આપણે અદભુત કાર્યો કર્યા છે. બહાદુરો ! આગળ ધપો. આપણે સિદ્ધિ પ્રાપ્ત કરીશું જ !

૬. અનંત ધૈર્ય, અનંત પવિત્રતા અને અનંત ખંત, એ જ કોઈ પણ શુભ કાર્યમાં સફળતા પ્રાપ્ત કરવાનું રહસ્ય છે.

૭. હિંમત રાખો અને કાર્ય કર્યે જાઓ. ધીરજ રાખવી અને દૃઢતાથી કાર્ય કરવું, એ જ એક માત્ર માર્ગ છે. આગળ ધપો; અને યાદ રાખજો કે… જ્યાં સુધી તમે પવિત્ર અને સિદ્ધાંતો પ્રત્યે નિષ્ઠાવાન હશો ત્યાં સુધી નિષ્ફળતા કદી નહિ સાંપડે.

૮. કોઈ પણ કાર્યને સફળતા મળતાં પહેલાં સેંકડો મુશ્કેલીઓમાંથી પસાર થવું પડે છે. જેઓ ખંતથી મંડ્યા રહે છે તેમને સફળતા પ્રાપ્ત થાય છે, પછી વહેલી કે મોડી.

૯. આજ્ઞાપાલન, તત્પરતા અને કાર્ય માટે પ્રેમઃ જો તમારામાં આ ત્રણ હશે, તો તમારી પ્રગતિને કંઈ પણ રોકી નહિ શકે.

૧૦.’છાયા અને ફળ બંનેવાળું હોય તેવા મહાન વૃક્ષનો આશરો લેવો જોઈએ; છતાં જો ફળો ન મળે તો પણ આપણને છાયાની મોજ માણતાં કોણ રોકે છે?’ મહાન પ્રયાસો પણ તેવા જ વિચારથી કરવા જોઈએ, તે આનો સાર 

૧૧. કોઈ પણ અધીરો માણસ કદી પણ સફળતા મેળવી શકે નહિ.

૧૨. વિજય કે પરાજયની પરવા ન રાખો. સંપૂર્ણ નિઃસ્વાર્થ ઈચ્છા સાથે જોડાઈ જઈને કાર્ય કરો. એટલું જરૂર જાણજો કે જે માણસ ફતેહ પામવાને સર્જાયો હોય છે, તે પોતાના મનને પ્રબળ ઈચ્છાશક્તિ જોડે સાંકળે છે અને ખંતથી મંડ્યો રહે છે.

૧૩. નિરાશ ન થશો. અમૃત પીવા ન મળતું હોય તો ઝેર પીવું જોઈએ એવું કંઈ જ નથી.

૧૪. મારા ધ્યેયની સાથે મારું સમગ્ર જીવન છે; મદદ માત્ર એક ઈશ્વરની, બીજા કોઈની નહિ. સફળતાની એ જ ચાવી છે.

UNKNOWN PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED FOR THE WORLD

1.Ibn al-Haytham

Born in Basra, al-Haytham was a preeminent thinker of his age. He made valuable contributions in maths, anatomy, astronomy, engineering, medicine, philosophy, physics, and he also introduced a scientific methodology of experimentation and observation. Most important was his work on optics, and his text, The Book of Optics is regarded as being responsible for a revolution in the study of optics and visual perception. His was the first description of acamera obscura (dark chamber), and he also laid foundations for the development of the microscope, the telescope and establishing optical principles of Renaissance art. 

2.Tim Berners-Lee

If it weren't for Tim Berners-Lee, you would not be able to read this article. He is the man responsible for the introduction of the World Wide Web, having developed it as a communication utility while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. Remarkably, he refused to patent his invention, giving it as a gift to the world instead. The internet has since revolutionized the way people communicate, as well as their ability to acquire information and the speed and efficiency with which global commerce operates. His invention was a truly revolutionary moment in communication, with the potential to surpass the discoveries of Marconi and Alexander Graham-Bell. 

3.Avicenna

One of the most influential of all Islamic scientists, Avicenna, like many of his peers, worked on many aspects of science including medicine, maths, logic, and geology to name but a few. He wrote almost 450 texts on a wide variety of subjects, his two most famous being The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. These were used as standard university textbooks across Europe for hundreds of years. However, his influence extended farther, as he is also considered responsible for the introduction of quarantine to avoid spreading infections, as well as introducing clinical trials and systematic experimentation

4.Thomas Midgley

Thomas Midgley is a man who has made a massive contribution to the modern world. Sadly, his contribution was not a positive one. First, Midgley discovered that the addition of lead to petrol stopped the "knocking" effect incar engines. However, this also caused massive health problems globally. Subsequently, he was the man responsible for the development of CFCs, one of the most destructive compounds in our atmosphere today, and a major contributor to global warming. It has been remarked that Midgley “had a greater impact on the atmosphere than any other organism in history.” Sadly for him, but possibly good for the fate of mankind, he contracted polio, and after devising an elaborate pulley system to help him get out of bed, he inadvertently tangled himself up in the strings and strangled himself.

5.James Clerk Maxwell

Acclaimed by some as the father of modern physics, James Clerk Maxwell is a hugely influential figure in the fields of electricity, thermodynamics, photography, nuclear energy, and others. His discovery of the electromagnetic spectrum led to the development of television, radio, microwaves, as well as aiding in the development of radio and infrared telescopes. His equations on the electromagnetic field were essential for the Special Theory of Relativity, by one Albert Einstein. He also produced the first color photograph, a picture of a tartan ribbon. His work actually marked a departure from the work of another great scientist, Isaac Newton, and helped to inform the science behind many of the great technological developments of the modern era.

પેપ્સિકો નાં સીઇઓ ઇન્દ્રા નૂયી અને આઇ.સી.આઇ.સી.આઇ બેન્કનાં ચંદા કોચરે વધાર્યુ દેશનું ગૌરવ

ન્યૂયોર્ક,7 ફેબ્રુઆરી

હાલમાં જ પ્રાપ્ત થતાં અહેવાલ અનુસાર વિશ્વની ટોચની 50 સૌથી શકિતશાળી બિઝનેસવિમેનની યાદીનો અહેવાલ રજુ કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો. જેમાં ઇન્દ્રા નૂયી ત્રીજા ક્રમે અને ચંદા કોચર 18મા સ્થાને આવેલ છે.ઠંડાપીણાં બનાવતી પેપ્સિકોનાં સીઈઓ ઈન્દ્રા નૂયી તેમજ આઈસીઆઈસીઆઈ બેન્કનાં એમડી ચંદા કોચરે વિશ્વની ટોચની ૫૦ સૌથી વધુ શક્તિશાળી બિઝનેસવિમેનની યાદીમાં સ્થાન મેળવ્યું છે. આ યાદી ફોર્ચ્યુન મેગેઝીન દ્વારા બહાર પાડવામાં આવી છે. આ મહિલાઓએ વિશ્વનાં નવા વિસ્તારોમાં તેમની પ્રોડક્ટનો વ્યાપ વિસ્તાર્યો છે અને ઘરઆંગણે પણ મહિલાઓનાં પ્રેરણાસ્ત્રોત બની રહી છે.

ઉલ્લેખનીય છે કે ફોર્ચ્યુનની ટોચની ૫૦ શક્તિશાળી મહિલા વ્યવસાયીઓની આ યાદીમાં પહેલા નંબર પર જનરલ મોટર્સનાં સીઈઓ મેરી બારાએ સ્થાન મેળવ્યું છે. વિશ્વમાં કારનું ઉત્પાદન કરતી અગ્રણી કંપનીનું સૂકાન સંભાળનાર તેઓ પ્રથમ મહિલા છે. બારા ઈલેક્ટ્રિકલ એન્જિનિયર છે જેમણે તેમની અત્યાર સુધીની કરિયર જનરલ મોટર્સમાં જ ગાળી છે. વિશ્વનાં છ ખંડોમાં ૩૯૬ સ્થળોએ આવેલી કંપનીની ઓફિસમાં કાર્યરત ૨,૧૨,૦૦૦ કર્મચારીઓની તેઓ સંભાળ રાખે છે.

વધુમાં આ યાદીમાં ઈન્દ્રા નૂયીનું સ્થાન ૩જું છે જ્યારે ચંદા કોચર ૧૮મા ક્રમે છે. યાદીમાં આ બે ભારતીય મહિલાઓએ જ સ્થાન મેળવ્યું છે. પેપ્સિકોનું ૭ વર્ષથી સૂકાન સંભાળનાર નૂયીએ સાત વર્ષમાં અમેરિકાની બહાર પેપ્સિનું વેચાણ બમણું કર્યું છે. કંપનીની ૬૫.૫ અબજ ડોલરની આવકમાં ૫૦ ટકા કે તેથી વધુ હિસ્સો તો આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય માર્કેટનો જ છે. ભારતમાં જન્મેલા ઈન્દ્રા નૂયીએ ૨૦૧૨થી શાંઘાઇ, હેમ્બર્ગ, મોન્ટેરી તેમજ મેક્સિકોમાં સંશોધન કેન્દ્રો સ્થાપ્યા છે.

આઈસીઆઈસીઆઈ બેન્કનાં ચંદા કોચરે ભારતમાં સૌથી મોટી બીજા નંબરની બેન્કનો કારોબાર વિસ્તાર્યો છે. બેન્કની એસેટ્સ ૧૨૪ અબજ ડોલર છે જ્યારે તેણે ૧.૫ અબજ ડોલરનો નફો કર્યો છે. બેન્કની ૩૫૮૮ શાખાઓ છે. ૧૯ દેશમાં બેન્કની શાખાઓ છે.આ યાદીમાં આઈબીએમ ચેરમેન જિન્ની રોમેટ્ટી બીજા ક્રમે, એનર્જી કંપની પેટ્રોબ્રાસનાં સીઈઓ મારિયા દાસ ગ્રા સિલ્વા ફોસ્ટર ૪થા ક્રમે, ફેસબુકનાં સીઓઓ શેરીલ સેન્ડબર્ગ ૧૧મા ક્રમે, યાહૂનાં પ્રેસિડેન્ટ મારિસા મેયર ૧૪મા ક્રમે, ગૂગલનાં સિનિયર વાઈસ પ્રેસિડેન્ટ સુસાન વોજકિકી ૨૦મા ક્રમે છે.

world's 1st Heartless man

Meet the world's 1st

Heartless man

Billy Cohn Bud Frazier, two visionary doctors from the Texas Heart Institute, who in March of 2011 successfully replaced a dying man's heart with a 'continuous flow' device they developed, proving that life was possible without a pulse or a heart beat.

In March of last year, Craig Lewis, 55, was dying from a heart condition that caused build-ups of abnormal proteins, and not even a pacemaker could help save his life.But two doctors from the Texas Heart Institute proposed a revolutionary new solution – install a ‘continuous flow’ device that would allow blood to circulate his body without a pulse.Dr Billy Cohn and Dr Bud Frazier installed the device after removing Mr Lewis’ heart. Within a day, the patient was up and speaking with physicians.
In March of last year, Texas Heart Institute president Dr James T. Willerson called it ‘medical history in the making.’The first artificial human heart prototype was successfully implanted in 1969 by Dr Denton Cooley.

 

Swami Vivekananda: Life and Teachings

Swami Vivekananda, known in his pre-monastic life asNarendranath Datta, was born in an affluent family inKolkata on 12 January 1863. His father, Vishwanath Datta, was a successful attorney with interests in a wide range of subjects, and his mother,Bhuvaneshwari Devi, was endowed with deep devotion, strong character and other qualities. A precocious boy, Narendra excelled in music, gymnastics and studies. By the time he graduated from Calcutta University, he had acquired a vast knowledge of different subjects, especially Western philosophy and history. Born with a yogic temperament, he used to practise meditation even from his boyhood, and was associated with Brahmo Movement for some time.

 

With Sri Ramakrishna

 

At the threshold of youth Narendra had to pass through a period of spiritual crisis when he was assailed by doubts about the existence of God. It was at that time he first heard about Sri Ramakrishna from one of his English professors at college. One day in November 1881, Narendra went to meet Sri Ramakrishna who was staying at the Kali Temple inDakshineshwar. He straightaway asked the Master a question which he had put to several others but had received no satisfactory answer: “Sir, have you seen God?” Without a moment’s hesitation, Sri Ramakrishna replied: “Yes, I have. I see Him as clearly as I see you, only in a much intenser sense.”

 

Apart from removing doubts from the mind of Narendra, Sri Ramakrishna won him over through his pure, unselfish love. Thus began a guru-disciple relationship which is quite unique in the history of spiritual masters. Narendra now became a frequent visitor to Dakshineshwar and, under the guidance of the Master, made rapid strides on the spiritual path. At Dakshineshwar, Narendra also met several young men who were devoted to Sri Ramakrishna, and they all became close friends.

 

Difficult Situations

 

After a few years two events took place which caused Narendra considerable distress. One was the sudden death of his father in 1884. This left the family penniless, and Narendra had to bear the burden of supporting his mother, brothers and sisters. The second event was the illness of Sri Ramakrishna which was diagnosed to be cancer of the throat. In September 1885 Sri Ramakrishna was moved to a house at Shyampukur, and a few months later to a rented villa at Cossipore. In these two places the young disciples nursed the Master with devoted care. In spite of poverty at home and inability to find a job for himself, Narendra joined the group as its leader.

 

Beginnings of a Monastic Brotherhood

 

Sri Ramakrishna instilled in these young men the spirit of renunciation and brotherly love for one another. One day he distributed ochre robes among them and sent them out to beg food. In this way he himself laid the foundation for a new monastic order. He gave specific instructions to Narendra about the formation of the new monastic Order. In the small hours of 16 August 1886 Sri Ramakrishna gave up his mortal body.

 

After the Master’s passing, fifteen of his young disciples (one more joined them later) began to live together in a dilapidated building at Baranagar in North Kolkata. Under the leadership of Narendra, they formed a new monastic brotherhood, and in 1887 they took the formal vows of sannyasa, thereby assuming new names. Narendra now became Swami Vivekananda (although this name was actually assumed much later.)

 

Awareness of Life’s Mission

 

After establishing the new monastic order, Vivekananda heard the inner call for a greater mission in his life. While most of the followers of Sri Ramakrishna thought of him in relation to their own personal lives, Vivekananda thought of the Master in relation to India and the rest of the world. As the prophet of the present age, what was Sri Ramakrishna’s message to the modern world and to India in particular? This question and the awareness of his own inherent powers urged Swamiji to go out alone into the wide world. So in the middle of 1890, after receiving the blessings of Sri Sarada Devi, the divine consort of Sri Ramakrishna, known to the world as Holy Mother, who was then staying in Kolkata, Swamiji left Baranagar Math and embarked on a long journey of exploration and discovery of India.

 

Discovery of Real India

 

During his travels all over India, Swami Vivekananda was deeply moved to see the appalling poverty and backwardness of the masses. He was the first religious leader in India to understand and openly declare that the real cause of India’s downfall was the neglect of the masses.

The immediate need was to provide food and other bare necessities of life to the hungry millions. For this they should be taught improved methods of agriculture, village industries, etc. It was in this context that Vivekananda grasped the crux of the problem of poverty in India (which had escaped the attention of social reformers of his days): owing to centuries of oppression, the downtrodden masses had lost faith in their capacity to improve their lot. It was first of all necessary to infuse into their minds faith in themselves. For this they needed a life-giving, inspiring message. Swamiji found this message in the principle of the Atman, the doctrine of the potential divinity of the soul, taught in Vedanta, the ancient system of religious philosophy of India. He saw that, in spite of poverty, the masses clung to religion, but they had never been taught the life-giving, ennobling principles of Vedanta and how to apply them in practical life.

Thus the masses needed two kinds of knowledge: secular knowledge to improve their economic condition, and spiritual knowledge to infuse in them faith in themselves and strengthen their moral sense. The next question was, how to spread these two kinds of knowledge among the masses? Through education – this was the answer that Swamiji found.

 

Need for an Organization 

 

One thing became clear to Swamiji: to carry out his plans for the spread of education and for the uplift of the poor masses, and also of women, an efficient organization of dedicated people was needed. As he said later on, he wanted “to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest.” It was to serve as this ‘machinery’ that Swamiji founded the Ramakrishna Mission a few years later.

 

Decision to attend the Parliament of Religions

It was when these ideas were taking shape in his mind in the course of his wanderings that Swami Vivekananda heard about the World’s Parliament of Religions to be held in Chicago in 1893. His friends and admirers in India wanted him to attend the Parliament. He too felt that the Parliament would provide the right forum to present his Master’s message to the world, and so he decided to go to America. Another reason which prompted Swamiji to go to America was to seek financial help for his project of uplifting the masses.

Swamiji, however, wanted to have an inner certitude and divine call regarding his mission. Both of these he got while he sat in deep meditation on the rock-island at Kanyakumari. With the funds partly collected by his Chennai disciples and partly provided by the Raja of Khetri, Swami Vivekananda left for America from Mumbai on 31 May 1893.

 

 

The Parliament of Religions and After

His speeches at the World’s Parliament of Religions held in September 1893 made him famous as an ‘orator by divine right’ and as a ‘Messenger of Indian wisdom to the Western world’. After the Parliament, Swamiji spent nearly three and a half years spreading Vedanta as lived and taught by Sri Ramakrishna, mostly in the eastern parts of USA and also in London.

 

Awakening His Countrymen

 

He returned to India in January 1897. In response to the enthusiastic welcome that he received everywhere, he delivered a series of lectures in different parts of India, which created a great stir all over the country. Through these inspiring and profoundly significant lectures Swamiji attempted to do the following:

 

to rouse the religious consciousness of the people and create in them pride in their cultural heritage;

to bring about unification of Hinduism by pointing out the common bases of its sects;

to focus the attention of educated people on the plight of the downtrodden masses, and to expound his plan for their uplift by the application of the principles of Practical Vedanta.

 

Founding of Ramakrishna Mission

 

Soon after his return to Kolkata, Swami Vivekananda accomplished another important task of his mission on earth. He founded on 1 May 1897 a unique type of organization known as Ramakrishna Mission, in which monks and lay people would jointly undertake propagation of Practical Vedanta, and various forms of social service, such as running hospitals, schools, colleges, hostels, rural development centres etc, and conducting massive relief and rehabilitation work for victims of earthquakes, cyclones and other calamities, in different parts of India and other countries.

 

Belur Math

 

In early 1898 Swami Vivekananda acquired a big plot of land on the western bank of the Ganga at a place called Belur to have a permanent abode for the monastery and monastic Order originally started at Baranagar, and got it registered as Ramakrishna Math after a couple of years. Here Swamiji established a new, universal pattern of monastic life which adapts ancient monastic ideals to the conditions of modern life, which gives equal importance to personal illumination and social service, and which is open to all men without any distinction of religion, race or caste.

 

Disciples

 

It may be mentioned here that in the West many people were influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s life and message. Some of them became his disciples or devoted friends. Among them the names of Margaret Noble (later known as Sister Nivedita), Captain and Mrs Sevier,Josephine McLeod and Sara Ole Bull, deserve special mention. Nivedita dedicated her life to educating girls in Kolkata. Swamiji had many Indian disciples also, some of whom joined Ramakrishna Math and became sannyasins.

 

Last Days

 

In June 1899 he went to the West on a second visit. This time he spent most of his time in the West coast of USA. After delivering many lectures there, he returned to Belur Math in December 1900. The rest of his life was spent in India, inspiring and guiding people, both monastic and lay. Incessant work, especially giving lectures and inspiring people, told upon Swamiji’s health. His health deteriorated and the end came quietly on the night of 4 July 1902. Before his Mahasamadhi he had written to a Western follower: “It may be that I shall find it good to get outside my body, to cast it off like a worn out garment. But I shall not cease to work. I shall inspire men everywhere until the whole world shall know that it is one with God.”

 

 of Main Events related to Swami Vivekananda

1863		January 12		Birth in Kolkata
1879				Enters Presidency College
1880				Transfers to General Assembly Institution
1881		November		First meeting with Sri Ramakrishna
1882-1886				Association with Sri Ramakrishna
1884				Passes B. A. Examination
				Father passes away
1885				Sri Ramakrishna’s last illness
1886		August 16		Sri Ramakrishna passes away
		Fall		Establishes Baranagar Math
		December 24		Informal vow of sannyasa at Antpur
1887		January		Formal vows of sannyasa at Baranagar Monastery
1890-1893				Travels all over India as itinerant monk
1892		December 24		At Kanyakumari, South India
1893		February 13		First public lecture, Secunderabad, South India
		May 31		Sails for America from Mumbai
		July 25		Lands at Vancouver, Canada
		July 30		Arrives in Chicago
		August		Meets Professor John Ft. Wright of Harvard University
		September 11		First address at Parliament of Religions, Chicago
		September 27		Final address at Parliament of Religions
		November 20		Begins mid-western lecture tour
1894		April 14		Begins lectures and classes on East Coast
		May 16		Speaks at Harvard University
		July-August		At Green Acre Religious Conference
		November		Founds Vedanta Society of New York
1895		January		Begins classes in New York
		June 4-18		At Camp Percy, New Hampshire
		June-August		At Thousand Island Park on St. Lawrence river, N.Y.
		August-September		In Paris
		October-November		Lectures in London
		December 6		Sails for New York
1896		March 22-25		Speaks at Harvard University, offered Eastern Philosophy chair
		April 15		Returns to London
		May-July		Gives classes in London
		May 28		Meets Max Muller in Oxford
		August-September		In the Europe for six weeks
		October-November		Gives classes in London
		December 30		Leaves Naples for India
1897		January 15		Arrives in Colombo, Sri Lanka
		February 6-15		In Chennai
		February 19		Arrives in Kolkata
		May 1		Establishes Ramakrishna Mission Association, Kolkata
		May-December		Tours northwest India
1898		January		Returns to Kolkata
		May		Begins North India pilgrimage with Western devotees
		August 2		At Amarnath, Kashmir
		December 9		Consecrates Belur Math
1899		March 19		Establishes Advaita Ashrama at Mayavati
		June 20		Leaves India for second visit to the West
		July 31		Arrives in London
		August 28		Arrives in New York City
		August-November		At Ridgely Manor, New York
		December 3		Arrives in Los Angeles
1900		February 22		Arrives in San Francisco
		April 14		Founds Vedanta Society in San Francisco
		June		Final classes in New York City
		July 26		Leaves for Europe
		August 3		Arrives in Paris for International Exposition
		September 7		Speaks at Congress of History of Religions at Exposition
		October 24		Begins tour of Vienna, Constantinople, Greece and Cairo
		November 26		Leaves for India
		December 9		Arrives at Belur Math
1901		January		Visits Mayavati
		March-May		Pilgrimage in East Bengal and Assam
1902		January-February		Visits Bodh Gaya and Varanasi
		March		Returns to Belur Math
		July 4		Mahasamadhi

Vivekananda’s contributions to World Culture

Making an objective assessment of Swami Vivekananda’s contributions to world culture, the eminent British historian A L Basham stated that “in centuries to come, he will be remembered as one of the main moulders of the modern world…” Some of the main contributions that Swamiji made to the modern world are mentioned below:

 

1. New Understanding of Religion: 

 

One of the most significant contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the modern world is his interpretation of religion as a universal experience of transcendent Reality, common to all humanity. Swamiji met the challenge of modern science by showing that religion is as scientific as science itself; religion is the ‘science of consciousness’. As such, religion and science are not contradictory to each other but are complementary.

This universal conception frees religion from the hold of superstitions, dogmatism, priestcraft and intolerance, and makes religion the highest and noblest pursuit – the pursuit of supreme Freedom, supreme Knowledge, supreme Happiness.

 

2. New View of Man: 

 

Vivekananda’s concept of ‘potential divinity of the soul’ gives a new, ennobling concept of man. The present age is the age of humanism which holds that man should be the chief concern and centre of all activities and thinking. Through science and technology man has attained great prosperity and power, and modern methods of communication and travel have converted human society into a ‘global village’. But the degradation of man has also been going on apace, as witnessed by the enormous increase in broken homes, immorality, violence, crime, etc. in modern society. Vivekananda’s concept of potential divinity of the soul prevents this degradation, divinizes human relationships, and makes life meaningful and worth living. Swamiji has laid the foundation for ‘spiritual humanism’, which is manifesting itself through several neo-humanistic movements and the current interest in meditation, Zen etc all over the world.

 

3. New Principle of Morality and Ethics: 

 

The prevalent morality, in both individual life and social life, is mostly based on fear – fear of the police, fear of public ridicule, fear of God’s punishment, fear of Karma, and so on. The current theories of ethics also do not explain why a person should be moral and be good to others. Vivekananda has given a new theory of ethics and new principle of morality based on the intrinsic purity and oneness of the Atman. We should be pure because purity is our real nature, our true divine Self or Atman. Similarly, we should love and serve our neighbours because we are all one in the Supreme Spirit known as Paramatman or Brahman.

 

4. Bridge between the East and the West: 

 

Another great contribution of Swami Vivekananda was to build a bridge between Indian culture and Western culture. He did it by interpreting Hindu scriptures and philosophy and the Hindu way of life and institutions to the Western people in an idiom which they could understand. He made the Western people realize that they had to learn much from Indian spirituality for their own well-being. He showed that, in spite of her poverty and backwardness, India had a great contribution to make to world culture. In this way he was instrumental in ending India’s cultural isolation from the rest of the world. He was India’s first great cultural ambassador to the West.

On the other hand, Swamiji’s interpretation of ancient Hindu scriptures, philosophy, institutions, etc prepared the mind of Indians to accept and apply in practical life two best elements of Western culture, namely science and technology and humanism. Swamiji has taught Indians how to master Western science and technology and at the same time develop spiritually. Swamiji has also taught Indians how to adapt Western humanism (especially the ideas of individual freedom, social equality and justice and respect for women) to Indian ethos.

 

Swamiji’s Contributions to 

In spite of her innumerable linguistic, ethnic, historical and regional diversities, India has had from time immemorial a strong sense of cultural unity. It was, however, Swami Vivekananda who revealed the true foundations of this culture and thus clearly defined and strengthened the sense of unity as a nation.

 

Swamiji gave Indians proper understanding of their country’s great spiritual heritage and thus gave them pride in their past. Furthermore, he pointed out to Indians the drawbacks of Western culture and the need for India’s contribution to overcome these drawbacks. In this way Swamiji made India a nation with a global mission.

 

Sense of unity, pride in the past, sense of mission – these were the factors which gave real strength and purpose to India’s nationalist movement. Several eminent leaders of India’s freedom movement have acknowledged their indebtedness to Swamiji. Free India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru wrote: “Rooted in the past, full of pride in India’s prestige, Vivekananda was yet modern in his approach to life’s problems, and was a kind of bridge between the past of India and her present … he came as a tonic to the depressed and demoralized Hindu mind and gave it self-reliance and some roots in the past.” Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose wrote: “Swamiji harmonized the East and the West, religion and science, past and present. And that is why he is great. Our countrymen have gained unprecedented self-respect, self-reliance and self-assertion from his teachings.”

Swamiji’s most unique contribution to the creation of new India was to open the minds of Indians to their duty to the downtrodden masses. Long before the ideas of Karl Marx were known in India, Swamiji spoke about the role of the labouring classes in the production of the country’s wealth. Swamiji was the first religious leader in India to speak for the masses, formulate a definite philosophy of service, and organize large-scale social service.

Swamiji’s Contributions to 

1. Identity: 

 

It was Swami Vivekananda who gave to Hinduism as a whole a clear-cut identity, a distinct profile. Before Swamiji came Hinduism was a loose confederation of many different sects. Swamiji was the first religious leader to speak about the common bases of Hinduism and the common ground of all sects. He was the first person, as guided by his Master Sri Ramakrishna, to accept all Hindu doctrines and the views of all Hindu philosophers and sects as different aspects of one total view of Reality and way of life known as Hinduism. Speaking about Swamiji’s role in giving Hinduism its distinct identity, Sister Nivedita wrote: “… it may be said that when he began to speak it was of ‘the religious ideas of the Hindus’, but when he ended, Hinduism had been created.”

 

2.Unification: 

 

Before Swamiji came, there was a lot of quarrel and competition among the various sects of Hinduism. Similarly, the protagonists of different systems and schools of philosophy were claiming their views to be the only true and valid ones. By applying Sri Ramakrishna’s doctrine of Harmony (Samanvaya) Swamiji brought about an overall unification of Hinduism on the basis of the principle of unity in diversity. Speaking about Swamiji’s role in this field K M Pannikar, the eminent historian and diplomat, wrote: “This new Shankaracharya may well be claimed to be a unifier of Hindu ideology.”

 

3. Defence: 

 

Another important service rendered by Swamiji was to raise his voice in defence of Hinduism. In fact, this was one of the main types of work he did in the West. Christian missionary propaganda had given a wrong understanding of Hinduism and India in Western minds. Swamiji had to face a lot of opposition in his attempts to defend Hinduism.

 

4. Meeting the Challenges: 

 

At the end of the 19th century, India in general, and Hinduism in particular, faced grave challenges from Western materialistic life, the ideas of Western free society, and the proselytizing activities of Christians. Vivekananda met these challenges by integrating the best elements of Western culture in Hindu culture.

 

5. New Ideal of Monasticism: 

 

A major contribution of Vivekananda to Hinduism is the rejuvenation and modernization of monasticism. In this new monastic ideal, followed in the Ramakrishna Order, the ancient principles of renunciation and God realization are combined with service to God in man (Shiva jnane jiva seva). Vivekananda elevated social service to the status of divine service.

 

6. Refurbishing of Hindu Philosophy and Religious Doctrines: 

 

Vivekananda did not merely interpret ancient Hindu scriptures and philosophical ideas in terms of modern thought. He also added several illuminating original concepts based on his own transcendental experiences and vision of the future. This, however, needs a detailed study of Hindu philosophy which cannot be attempted here.

 

Selected  of Swami Vivekananda:

 

My ideal, indeed, can be put into a few words, and that is: to preach unto mankind their divinity, and how to make it manifest in every movement of life.

 

Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.

 

We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and by which one can stand on one's own feet.

 

So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor who, having been educated at their expense, pays not the least heed to them.

 

Whatever you think, that you will be. If you think yourselves weak, weak you will be; if you think yourselves strong, strong you will be.

 

If you have faith in all the three hundred and thirty millions of your mythological gods, … and still have no faith in yourselves, there is no salvation for you. Have faith in yourselves, and stand up on that faith and be strong; that is what we need.

 

Strength, strength it is that we want so much in this life, for what we call sin and sorrow have all one cause, and that is our weakness. With weakness comes ignorance, and with ignorance comes misery.

 

The older I grow, the more everything seems to me to lie in manliness. This is my new Gospel.

 

Purity, patience, and perseverance are the three essentials to success, and above all, love.

 

Religion is realization; not talk, not doctrine, nor theories, however beautiful they may be. It is being and becoming, not hearing or acknowledging; it is the whole soul becoming changed into what it believes.

 

Religion is the manifestation of the Divinity already in man.

 

Teach yourselves, teach everyone his real nature, call upon the sleeping soul and see how it awakes. Power will come, glory will come, goodness will come, purity will come, and everything that is excellent will come when this sleeping soul is roused to self-conscious activity.

 

They alone live who live for others, the rest are more dead than alive.

 

This is the gist of all worship – to be pure and to do good to others.

 

It is love and love alone that I preach, and I base my teaching on the great Vedantic truth of the sameness and omnipresence of the Soul of the Universe.